The Wages of Maturity Essay Example for Free

The Wages of Maturity Essay Joyce Carol Oates had distinctively portrayed the harmful consequences that teens may experience when they act much older than their ages. In the story â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been†, Oates tells the story of a 15-year old girl who behaves more mature than kids of her age. Oates based this story on a Life Magazine story of a young man killing several girls in Arizona and in it she clearly wants to impart that maturity has its own time and rushing it up will only lead to unfavorable things.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Such thing happened to Connie, the main character of the story, whose ways are a lot more grown-up than her 24-year old sister, June. June was simple and plain looking, whereas Connie is obsessed with her appearance and the need to always look good. Oates describes Connie to have â€Å"a quick, nervous giggling habit of craning her neck to glance into mirrors or checking other people’s faces to make sure her own was all right† (1). She goes out with friends who possess the same behavior and together they love going to the mall, restaurants, and movies houses up until an hour before midnight. One can never see them hang out in places where girls of their age usually are. Connie thinks that the sprees of a typical teenager are boring. And that’s the reason why she goes out in places where young adults spend time. She loves mingling with older boys and her mother never approved to any of those. Connie then, covers what she is doing outside her house by acting differently when she is at home. This is how Connie gets away with her need to show others that she isn’t an ordinary 15-year old with regular hobbies. She wants to show all the people that she was somebody different – somebody far more classy and superior to others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At 15, Connie was adventurous and has cars and older boys enlivening her. She lives a wild and thrilling life when she’s outside. Her haven outside was the drive-in restaurant across the busy road where a lot of older kids normally hung out. It was a fly-infested restaurant, but Connie and her friends are pleased and expectant of the place as if it were a sacred building when they are inside it   (Oates 1). Connie’s love to live a mature life is exemplified by her preference for loud music and shiny cars. She chooses to talk to boys older than her when she’s inside the restaurant and ignores the ones who merely came from school. Connie is obviously caught in a world not apt for her, and she is yet to know how harmful that could be for her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Connie never liked family affairs because she believes her personality wasn’t apt for those gatherings. She never liked household chores and doesn’t clean even her own room. One Sunday her whole family was invited to a barbeque at an aunt’s house. Connie, being uninterested about the matter, rolled her eyes to her mother and said she’d rather stay home. And that’s when her maturity pretense is going to catch up on her. Arnold Friend, a guy whom she encountered in the same restaurant she frequents, suddenly drove into their garage in his newly painted car. He looks much older than 18 years old, which he claims to be. He is enticing Connie to come and ride away with him, together with another friend Ellie, who is to sit in the car’s back seat. Connie was more than hesitant. But Arnold is clear that she doesn’t have any other choice but to go out with him. Arnold has something inside him that was both weird and scary – and something had made Connie totally helpless with the situation. She knew she was headed for trouble, but she can’t scream or run or do anything about it because Arnold has this supernatural power of disorienting her and making her house feel like a box of carton that is unable to protect her from the harm that he can do to her. Arnold was not merely human. In him is an evil soul and his physical appearance is merely a disguise of what he really is. Connie, unable to think right and is defenseless, have no other choice but to go to him and follow.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Maturity has its wages. People come to age when the right time comes. Rushing it up doesn’t make us more mature than what we really are. Posing to be mature won’t cause people to respect us more. Instead, doing so openly shows our insecurity and vulnerability to them. And that is something they can use against us. Acting mature doesn’t make us mature. It makes us weaker than we should be.

The Chryslids - Plausible :: The Chrysalids

The Chryslids   - Plausible    â€Å"The Chrysalids† by John Wyndham is an entertaining yet plausible story. It compels the reader to think about human nature and our attitude to the world around us that we often take for granted. The setting of â€Å"The Chrysalids†Ã‚   is several hundred years after a nuclear war. What is left of civilization is a few small towns here and there all over the countries of the world.  Ã‚   The population is by the leadership what the â€Å"true image† is apparently meant to be.   If you are not of the true image then you are sent to live in the fringes. Many people and animals are born with birth defects caused by the nuclear radioactivity that is still present from the nuclear destruction of previous years. The population that is considered of the â€Å"true image† are cruel to the â€Å"freaks† or â€Å"mutants†. Some of the people in the novel are also very bigoted like David’s father. He thinks he is the king of the castle and can’t be wrong. If he says something it should happen like where he has an argument with the inspector about the giant horses or when he burnt that families cat because it didn’t have a tail eg â€Å"It is your moral duty to issue an order against these so called horses!!† Various people including David’s father all agree that deviants are from the devil and should be castrated or thrown out of society. Another thing is that people are forced to agree with the laws and if they don’t they are also thrown from society where they would either be killed or spend the rest of their miserable lives in the sloughs of the fringe people. Their attitude towards the world is OK I suppose. They don’t really use that much of the worlds resources in Waknuk or any of the other little towns around. They don’t need to think about how much longer the supplies of these materials are going to last because all that they are using at the moment is trees, which they seem to have plenty of, and water which they get from wells and rivers. There food they grow or hunt and cook and bake things over open fires I would assume.

The Secret of Ella and Micha Chapter 7

Ella Dean's got his music blasting upstairs at full volume and it's rattling the ceiling. I start picking up the garbage in the kitchen, avoiding the confrontation of seeing him again. Propping the trash can against my hip, I drag my arm along the counter, pushing a line of bottles into it. I pull out the bag and tie the string shut, holding it far away from me. â€Å"God, that stinks.† â€Å"Still cleaning up after dad, I see.† Dean enters the kitchen. He's dressed in slacks and a button down shirt, the sleeves rolled up to his elbows. His dark brown hair is cut short and it shows off the scar on the top of his forehead, where I accidently hit him during a freak accident while we were playing baseball with a tent pole and a basketball. â€Å"Nothing changes around here, even when you leave for a year.† He opens the fridge and steals a beer. â€Å"Although, you do look different. Did you finally clean up your act?† â€Å"Do you really care if I did?† I drag the garbage bag toward the back door. â€Å"I think you made it perfectly clear the last time you were here that you don't give a shit what happens to me.† He pops the cap off the bottle. â€Å"Are you still on that?† â€Å"You told me I killed our mother,† I say quietly. â€Å"How could I be over that?† He sips his beer and shrugs. â€Å"I thought you left so you could move on with your life.† I summon a deep breath. â€Å"I didn't move on. I bailed just like you did.† â€Å"I ran away for the same reason you ran away because staying here means dealing with the past and our pasts are the kind that need to be locked away and never revisited.† â€Å"You mean dealing with mom's death. And the fact that it was my fault she's dead. Or that I'm responsible for her death.† He peels at the beer bottle label. â€Å"Why do you always have to be so blunt about everything? It makes people uncomfortable.† I'm changing back into my old ways and I need to collect myself. Opening the back door, I toss the garbage bag onto the back steps. â€Å"Do you want to go get some dinner or something? We could go out to Alpine where no one really knows us.† He shakes his head, gulps down the rest of the beer, and then tosses the empty bottle into the trash. â€Å"The only reason I came back here was to get the rest of my stuff. Then I'm out. I got stuff to go back to that's more important than family drama and alcoholic fathers.† He leaves me in the kitchen and a few seconds later, the music is turned up louder. It's an upbeat rhythm and it drives me crazy, so I crank on the kitchen radio, blasting â€Å"Shameful Metaphors† by Chevelle. I start sweeping up the kitchen, blocking out my brother's words. He always liked to nitpick me apart, which was fine, but at the funeral, he crossed a line we can never come back from. The back door swings open and the wind rushes in as my dad stumbles into the kitchen. His shoes are untied, his jeans are torn, and his red shirt is stained with dirt and grease. His hand is wrapped with an old rag that's soaked in blood. Dropping the broom to the floor, I rush to him. â€Å"Oh my God, are you okay?† He flinches from me and nods his head, staggering to the sink. â€Å"Just cut myself on the job. No biggie.† I turn down the music. â€Å"Dad, you weren't drinking at work, were you?† He turns the faucet on and his head slumps over. â€Å"The guys and I had a couple of shots during lunch break, but I'm not drunk.† He removes the rag and sticks his hand under the water, letting out a relieved sigh as the water mixes with his blood. â€Å"Is your brother home? I thought I saw his car in the driveway.† I grab a paper towel and clean up the blood he got on the counter and on the floor. â€Å"He's upstairs packing up some stuff or something.† He dabs his hand with a paper towel, wincing. â€Å"Well, that's good I guess.† I lean over to examine his hand. â€Å"Do I need to take you to the doctor? That looks like it might need stitches?† â€Å"I'll be fine.† He grabs a bottle of vodka, takes a swig, and then douses his hand with it. â€Å"Dad, what are you doing?† I reach for the first aid kit above the sink. â€Å"Use the rubbing alcohol from the first aid kit.† Breathing through clenched teeth, he wraps up his hand with a paper towel. â€Å"See, good as new.† â€Å"It can still get infected.† I take out the kit and set it on the counter. â€Å"You should really let me take you to a doctor.† He stares at me for a moment with his eyes full of agony. â€Å"God, you look so much like her, it's just crazy†¦ â€Å"He drags his feet as he walks out the doorway and into the living room. Seconds later, I hear the television click on and the air fills with smoke. Suppressed feelings surface as I put the first aid kit back into the cupboard. Cranking up the music, I drowning out my pain and busy myself with the dishes. My phone vibrates in my pocket and I wipe my hands off on a towel before checking my messages. There's the voicemail from Micha from yesterday that I still haven't listened to and a new text message from him. The text message seems like the less dangerous of the two. My hand trembles as I read it over and over again, then finally respond. I toss the phone on the counter and focus on cleaning because it's simple. And simple is just what I want. Micha I barge into Ella's house. Something bad happened, probably because of her douche bag brother. Ella is scrubbing down the counters with the same amount of energy as a drummer. Her hair is pulled up, but pieces hang loose in her face. She has the music on, so she doesn't hear me come in. I walk up behind her, wanting to touch her, but instead I turn the music down. She drops the paper towel she is holding and reels around. â€Å"You scared the hell out of me.† She presses her hand to her chest. â€Å"I didn't hear you come in.† â€Å"That's kind of obvious.† I search her green eyes, crammed with misery. She fidgets with a stack of plates and carries them over to the cupboard before backtracking to the sink. She's wound up over something and too much energy is in her. Her mom was like that a lot of times. But Ella's not her mother, whether she realizes it or not. I collect the plates from her hand and set them in the sink. â€Å"Do you want to tell me what's got you all worked up?† Tapping her fingers on the sides of her legs, she shakes her head. â€Å"I should have never sent you that text. I don't know why I did it.† She starts to turn away from me, but I catch the bottom of her shirt. â€Å"Ella May, stop talking to me like we're business associates. I know you better than anyone and I know when something's bothering you.† â€Å"I said I was fine.† Her voice is tight as she forces back the tears. The girl never lets herself cry, even when her mom died. â€Å"No, you're not,† I steer her by the shoulders toward me. â€Å"And you need to let it out.† She stares at the floor. â€Å"I can't.† I tuck my finger under her chin and raise her head up, looking into her eyes. â€Å"Yes, you can. It's killing you inside.† Her shoulders quiver and she lets her head fall against my chest. I rub her back and tell her it will be okay. It's not much, but it's enough for the moment. Finally she pulls back and her face is unreadable. â€Å"Where's Lila?† â€Å"I left her with Ethan at the shop.† I sit down on the kitchen table that's stacked with unopened bills. â€Å"She's supposed to come back here when her car's fixed.† She gazes out the window, lost in her thoughts. â€Å"She could just go home after Ethan's done. She doesn't need to come back here.† â€Å"Where does she live?† â€Å"In California.† â€Å"Then she probably shouldn't leave tonight.† I glance out the window at the sun setting behind the shallow hills. â€Å"It's late and she's going to be driving by herself, right?† Ella nods, spaced out as she twists her hair around her finger. â€Å"And I worry about her making the drive by herself. I mean she practically freaked out when we ran into Grantford at the restrooms over by the lake.† My fingers grip the edge of the table. â€Å"You ran into Grantford?† She lowers her hand from her hair and lets it fall to her side. â€Å"Yeah, but it wasn't a big deal. He just acted like himself and you know how that is.† I release the table from my death grip, trying to clear the anger out of my head. No matter what Ella says, Grantford never should have left her on the bridge that night when she was that out of it. I stretch my legs out in front of me and change the direction of the conversation. â€Å"How did you end up becoming friends with Lila?† She bites down on her lip, contemplating. â€Å"We were roommates.† She shrugs, letting her lip pop out from her teeth and it drives me crazy because all I want to do is bite down on it myself. â€Å"She was really nice and different from all my friends here and I wanted a change.† I hop off the table and move in front of her. â€Å"Change is good, but completely shutting down is a whole other story, Ella, have you†¦ Did you ever talk to anyone about what happened with your mom?† Her shoulders stiffen and she turns for the doorway, preparing to leave. â€Å"That's none of your business.† I block her path. â€Å"Yes it is. I've known you forever, so I get full rights to what's inside your head.† Her eyes narrow and she puts her hands on her hips. â€Å"Get out of my way, Micha Scott.† â€Å"What is it with you using my last name?† I say. â€Å"Before, when you'd get mad at me, you'd just call me a douche bag.† â€Å"I don't use those words anymore,† she says flatly. â€Å"I'm nicer than that.† â€Å"Really?† I accuse. â€Å"Because you sure seem pissed off at me all the time.† â€Å"I'm trying not to be,† she fumes. â€Å"But you're making it very hard for me.† â€Å"Alright, you need a time out. I've had enough of your stubborn crap.† I pick her up by the waist and throw her over my shoulder. She lets out a startled gasp, and pounds her fists onto my back. â€Å"Dammit Micha, put me down!† Ignoring her, I walk out the back door and down the empty driveway. I think about grabbing her ass just because I can, but I'm afraid she might bite me†¦ although, that doesn't sound bad. â€Å"Micha,† she complains furiously. â€Å"Put me down!† My mom steps out of the house as I carry her toward the garage. She's dressed in a black dress a little too short for her age. Her highlighted hair is fluffed up like a poodle and her makeup is caked on. She must have a date. She stops on the top step and tilts her head to the side to get a better look. â€Å"Ella, is that you?† Ella stops fussing and lifts up her head to look at my mom. â€Å"Hi, Miss Scott. How are you?† â€Å"Hi, honey, I'm doing good†¦ but is there a reason Micha's carrying you like that?† she questions. â€Å"Are you hurt?† Ella shakes her head. â€Å"No, I'm fine. Micha just thinks he's funny.† Which means she secretly likes what I'm doing, but won't admit it. â€Å"Actually, I'm taking her for a ride,† I say slyly, inching my hand up the back of Ella's leg, and she slaps the back of my head playfully. â€Å"I'm taking you for a ride in my car. And you think I'm the pervert?† My mom sighs, shaking her head, and opens her purse. â€Å"Well, it's nice to see you two together again.† She takes out her car keys and her heels click as she trots down the steps. â€Å"Micha sure has missed you while you were gone.† â€Å"Bye mom,† I wave her off, heading for the garage again, as my mom climbs into her Cadillac parked in the street near the curb. â€Å"Is she going on a date?† Ella asks curiously. â€Å"She's been going on a lot of dates lately.† I swing open the car door and set her down in the passenger seat. She tries to climb out. â€Å"I'm not going anywhere tonight Micha.† I gently push her back into the seat. â€Å"I'm not going to let you sit around in your room and sulk while your brother's around. Let's go out and have some fun.† She pauses, crossing her arms over her chest and her boobs nearly pop out of her top. â€Å"But I need to be there when Lila comes back. I can't just let her come back to Dean and my dad passed out on the couch.† â€Å"I'll take care of it.† I rip my gaze from her tits, take out my cell phone, and text Ethan. Me: Taking Ella up to The Back Road. Wanna get Lila and meet us up there? Ella slumps back into the seat. â€Å"What are you up to?† I hold up my finger. â€Å"Just a sec.† Ethan: Yeah, sounds cool. Me: Is Lila up for it? And make sure u ask her. Don't just assume. Ethan: She said she's good†¦ but is Ella ok with going up there? Me: We'll c when we get up there. Ethan: Dude, she's gonna kick ur ass. Me: C U there. I stuff my phone into the back pocket of my jeans and close her door before climbing into the driver's seat. â€Å"Where are you taking me?† she asks, trying to appear annoyed but her inquisitiveness seeps through her eyes. â€Å"It's a surprise.† Once the garage door is open, I peel down the driveway. â€Å"And Lila and Ethan are going to meet us there.† â€Å"A surprise, huh?† she mulls it over. â€Å"I'm not a fan of surprises.† My lips spread to a grin. â€Å"You're such a liar.† She stays silent and I know I've won this one, which is rare, but I'll take it. With a swift crank of the steering wheel, I align the car onto the road and spin the tires off into the night, happy because I managed to chip away a tiny piece of that armor she's wearing.

Essay Absolute Monarchism - 700 Words

The prevailing government of Europe from 1900-century back was absolute monarchism, this form of government worked very well considering the belief of all people in god and the teaching. Monarchist use this belief to justify this rule in. if they could make the people believe that they were ordained position by god then they had no worries because the people belief in god was so prevailing that it was not mentionable in private to go against it. Napoleon and Louis XIV were the ideal rules to use this type of ruling. Napoleon and Louis XIV were the same type of rulers by using the divine right monarchy to control the people of their country, which was France. Napoleon and Louis way of ruling and other similarity were so alike that they†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"I gave orders to the four Secretaries of state no longer to sign anything whatsoever without speaking to me: likewise to the controller, and that he should authorize nothing as regards finance without its being regis tered in a book which must remain with me(R 17). Louis wrote this to his heirs as advice on how to rule. He kept everyone under a close eye, he could not trust. . He even went as far as to invaded the postal system â€Å"The king was informed of what was passing for many years before anybody knew it was that of opening letters†(R 24). If the letter say anything against the king or France the writer of the letter were exiled without even trial. : â€Å"In fact Napoleon crowned himself emperor since he did no recognize the pope’s authority as superior to his own†(R 138). Napoleon would not even let the pope honor him as the king of France. It was like he was saying that I am more divine than you, I am more superior to god than you because I am the divine ruler. Appropriately, Napoleon found divine sanction for his power. The imperial Catechism made the people believe that Napoleon was the divine ruler. Peists use to ask the commoners â€Å"What are the duties of Christians towards those who govern them and what in Particular are our duties towards Napoleon I, our emperor†(R 142). . The Christians would answer, â€Å" Christians owe to the princes who govern them, and we in particular owe to Napoleon I, our emperor,Show MoreRelatedThe Theory of Absolutism Essay3273 Words   |  14 PagesThe Theory of Absolutism Absolute monarchy or absolutism meant that the sovereign power or ultimate authority in the state rested in the hands of a king who claimed to rule by divine right. But what did sovereignty mean? 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The political system is also a fusion of theocracy and democracy. On one end, it limits pluralism and on the other it allows election of leaders through a public general election. The constitution of Iran allows popular sovereigntyRead MoreCompare and Contrast between Angkor Wat and the Pyramid o f Giza1646 Words   |  7 Pages(1983, p.23), first dynasty that was established in Egypt were the Menes, who united the upper and lower Egypt and reestablished a new ruling system which period known as the old kingdom. During the old kingdom, the pharaoh, or the great house, has absolute control and organized Egypt into a strong centralized government (Beers, 1983, p.23). Next, the citizens in the both periods are strongly believed in their religions that assisted in the completion of the two structures. Suryavarman II, who wasRead More The Importance Of The Press Essays2570 Words   |  11 Pagesgreat revolutions. 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Taking A Standard Level Of Education Essay - 1906 Words

During the 1900’s, corporal punishment was well known and often used to punish and teach children effectively. Philosophers like John Locke express insightful views about forcing a child to learn, rather than allowing the child to freely do so at his or her own pace. Imagine two children learning the same topic of mathematics. One child is introduced to mathematics through counting apples and pears and is allowed to eat the fruits afterwards, whereas the other child is forced to learn mathematics through textbooks with minimum visualization and finds no fun in doing so. The child who is counting through fruits is getting positive feedback because of his ability to quickly catch on and the child who is learning through a textbook is gaining negative feedback because of the complicated material that does not allow for him to grasp the concept or freely make mistakes. Forcing children to learn what they need to in order to keep up a standard level of education for each age group (like the textbook example) can negatively affect the child, their wellbeing, and their self-esteem. When a child is forced to learn unwillingly, he may grow resentful towards members of authority and fear failure, hindering his social skills. A balance between leading the child through encouragement towards the right direction and allowing him to explore his options will help the child to grow up happy and to create a positive impact on the current society. Children are delicate beings, who are easyShow MoreRelatedThe Purpose Of An Education Accountability System1419 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of an education accountability system is to focus school leaders and teachers on helping more of their students gain the skills and knowledge that they need for success in life and as citizens. 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Children Should Be Punished For Their Children Essay

As children get older and more curious, they often tend to find themselves in a bit of trouble. For parents, choosing the way in which they should punish their children can be a challenge. Some parents believe that spanking their children is the best approach. Other parents, however, believe that spanking their child is not correct and can cause problems for the child. That being said, for the most part, parents can agree that children need some sort of discipline. They may not agree on the exact way children should be punished, but most would agree that children need to be punished for their wrong doings. One way to avoid this conflict would be to simply allow parents to punish their children however they see fit. Instead of insisting that one parent knows better than the other, they should allow one another to punish their child the way they choose. To add to that, punishment can only go so far before it becomes abuse, in which case someone needs to step in. To add to that, educati ng parents on abuse, and how a child will respond to certain forms of punishment is another way to solve the problem. Some parents believe that spanking children is not the way to go about punishing them. â€Å"Spanking doesn t make kids behave better right away and it leads to worse behavior in the long run, said Gers off, an associate professor of human development and family sciences at the University of Texas at Austin. And spanked kids are more likely to be aggressive and antisocial,† (Marcus).Show MoreRelatedChild Prostitution Should Not Be Punished For Their Children767 Words   |  4 Pageschild prostitution run through your mind? No? How about having your rights and innocence completely stripped away from you? About ten million children are involved in prostitution worldwide (B.Willis, 2002), with India consisting of one million child prostitutes; forty percent the country’s total prostitution population (CNN, 2009). 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Analysis of Federal Taxation Laws and their Effects

Question: Analyze tax laws. How does tax law effect the individual tax payer? Answer: Introduction The development of this paper is based on delivering key information for the purpose of establishing knowledge and suitable understanding by concentrating on the CCHs Federal Taxation for the 2016 edition. In this paper, the first and second level tax course comprising of the comprehensive topic created by the teachers will be discussed to be able to offer the comprehensive one-volume coverage regarding the different important principles and concepts existing in the federal taxation. The overall process is dedicated to secure a solid grounding through the way of providing the clear and precise explanation related to the different key federal taxation concepts within the framework of present day taxation procedures and practices (Brownlee, 1996). The overall paper is also developed in such a basis to provide necessary balance between the different key taxation models and different approaches made by the top taxation teachers of present day situation through the way of covering both pl anning and compliance. With the involvement of the established purposes of the paper, the overall paper has been constructed by considering two major categorisations regarding the distribution of the key concepts and information (Burman, Gale Weiner, 1998). One part of the paper will concentrate on analysis of some major federal taxation laws by making the proper identification, and another part of the paper will deal with the possible outcomes on the basis of the impacts of the major taxation laws on the individual tax payers. Thus, these major two objectives of the paper will be accomplished in the critical and straightforward manner to be able to reach for the proper conclusion related to the chosen topic. Analysis of Federal Taxation Laws and their Effects The laws related to the taxation itself generate different kinds of concepts related to the particular field of frameworks. In this case, it should need to mention that the tax expenditures are explained in the first place due to the reason that the factor should need to be provided the proper importance (Cummings, 2010). The significance of the tax expenditure suggests the revenue losses after the tax deductions, many forms of credits, and some other types of tax benefits. Tax expenditures always depend on the relevant tax code and based on the scenario, tax expenditure is used to provide the incentives or disincentives in terms of the different types of behaviours through the tax code. Secondly, the discussion should need to be carried on by concentrating on the capital gains as there is the involvement of high amount of on-going debates surrounding the basic treatment of the preferred tax in the field of this type of income to the individuals (Hudson Lind, 1998). Apart from the c apital gains, the tax consequences of marriage related ceremonies should also need to be prioritised due to the reducing rate of the marriage tax penalties (and increasing rate of bonus) in the recent years. It is a matter of fact that an event like marriage can possibly change the tax liability of the couple with the application of the relevant tax related rules or implications (King, 1994). Lastly, the discussion should need to be formed on the basis of covering the tax deferral and depreciation for the purpose of conducting the review as the changes in these tax rules provide the broad implications to the tax liability of the individual tax payers. Not only the individual tax payers, but also it should need to be remembered that the business organizations are largely influenced by the different changes in the taxations rules as these have their respective impact of the tax liability which can possibly enhance the firm or affect the overall competitiveness. Tax Expenditures As stated earlier that tax expenditures are treated as the revenue loss appeared from the tax deductions, different types of tax benefits, or credit (Markowitz Grossman, 1998). In this case, one particular example of The Joint Committee on Taxation can be referenced as the committee is responsible to list the possible revenue losses from the mentioned tax provisions by considering the functional spending categories. (The largest tax expenditures for individuals) According to the provided table, the top individual tax expenditures are highlighted in the clear and precise order as these ten different types of expenditure categories are accounted for a total of 70% tax expenditures that are spend by the individuals. In this case, it should need to mention that the total individual tax expenditure for the year ending 2013 was $1,140 billion. The particular amount was estimated individually while this was not precisely correct to add up all the tax expenditures as these have some specific interactive effects (Rose, 1983). Considering this particular fact, these effects provide some important notions related to the magnitude of these provisions. Within the same year, i.e. the amount regarding the individual income tax was projected to be $1,264 billion. Therefore, this particular example proves that the portion of tax expenditures is relatively large in terms of the total amount of tax receipts. Considering the particular discussion, it should also need to be noted that the revenue effects of the provisions on a cash flow basis are measured by the tax expenditure. This important acknowledgement leads to the fact that the overall concept may not reflect the true benefit provided to the individual tax payer (Smith Harmelink, 2002). Here the benefits may arise from the involvement of the deferral of taxes. Capital Gains The definition of capital gains under the current taxation system suggests that the capital gains or loss can be occurred only from the involvement of selling or transaction of capital assets. The particular transaction or sale will produce the capital gains only if the asset is sold for a price bettering off its acquisition price. Also, on the other hand, a capital loss will occur only if the capital asset is sold at a lower price than its acquisition price. Considering the universal taxation system, the capital assets can be of two different types; one is the long-term asset and the other is the short-term asset (Smith Harmelink, 2003). According to the current taxation framework, a capital asset retained more than a period of 12 months is considered to be the long-term capital asset. On the other hand, a capital asset held for 12 months or less than the mentioned period is known to be the short-term capital asset. Considering the 1998 changes, the effect regarding the holding per iod of the capital asset is implied, as the holding time period is reduced to 12 months for designing the treatments related to the long or short-term capital gains (Smith, 2000). In this case, it is worth to mention that a different taxation treatment is followed for the long-term capital gains and a regular treatment regarding the income tax rate is carried on in case of the short-term capital gains. Now while considering the taxation laws related to the capital gains tax, the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act (JGTRRA) in 2003 had reduced the minimum tax rate on the long-term capital gains income for the purpose of providing facilities to the individual tax payers. The further analysis on this particular law has suggested that the minimum tax rate on the capital gains income will be charged at 0% from 2008 through 2010 for the individuals who remain in the tax bracket of 10% and 15% (Smith, 1994). On the other hand, the actions and the implications of JGTRRA have proposed the capital gains tax rate of 15% for those taxpayers whose marginal income tax brackets slightly exceeding the 15% tax rate bracket. Also, it is mandatory to mention that these proposals will be applicable for the individual tax payers whose capital assets are sold or transacted on or before May 6, 2003, and before the time period of January 1, 2009. However the involvement of Tax Increase Preventio n and Reconciliation Act of 2006 has extended the reduced tax rate on the income from capital gains through 2010 (Smith Harmelink, 2005). Also, it can be noticed that the further involvement of The Tax Relief, Unemployment Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 has further extended the particular period to 2012 for the reduced charges of income tax rate on the capital gains. Considering the scenario of America, the effective participation of the American Taxpayer Relief Act (ATRA) has permanently extended the reduced income tax rate on the income achieved from the capital gains for most of individual tax payers. Also the top rate of tax related to the long-term capital gains can be observed in an increasing rate from 15% to 20% for the single taxpayers whose taxable incomes are above $400,000 (Smith, Harmelink Hasselback, 2015). This particular taxable income amount varies to the married couples and head of the household filter with $450,000 and $425,000 respectively. In the beginning of 2013, it will be subjected to a 3.4% tax rate on the net investment income for the taxpayers with the modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) above $200,000. And the same amount of income increases to $250,000 for the married couple filing their income tax jointly. This particular scenario related to the $200,000 and $250,000 threshold are not adjusted by the council due to the involvement of the inflation (Smith, Harmelink, Hasselback Englebrecht, 2009). Here, it should need to mention that the net investment income is comprised of different factors including the taxable amount of income from capital gains, as well as dividends, rents, royalties, non-qualified annuities, and interest. Also, it should need to mention that the implication of Heath Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 has enacted the unearned income Medicare contribution tax in the process. Considering the particular taxation effects, different kinds of arguments have raised between the economists from various backgrounds. They have argued that the lock-in effect will reduce significantly by the impact of lowering the tax rates on capital gains which will result in the free flow of capitals to the different places where these can be used in the effective manner (Smith, Harmelink, Hasselback Englebrecht, 2014). Therefore, the basic extract of these arguments has suggested that more capital gains realisations will be extracted due to the reducing tax rates of capital gains and the process will potentially offset some of the cost of cutting the capital gains taxes. Also, it is natural that there is the presence of considerable uncertainty related to the magnitude of unlocking effect. Therefore, it is suggested that the lock-in could be reduced by the way of taxing the incomes from capital gains on the accrual basis as an effective alternative to the reduced tax rate of ca pital gains. This particular proposal is exactly opposing to the current taxation system where the taxes on capital gains are charged when the income is realised. Also, another alternative can be taxing the capital gains which are passed on at death (Smith, Harmelink, Hasselback Englebrecht, 2011). With the help of the particular explanation, it can be arguably understandable that these particular alternatives may generate the required solutions but they can possibly face the number of technical challenges. Also the concept behind taxing capital gains at the death is highly unpopular. Additionally, the particular understanding has also been gathered out of the research that some arguments are made that the increased amount of savings and investment can be inflicted by the reduced tax rates of capital gains. This particular process can alternatively stimulate the economic growth of the community (Stein, 1994). Also, it is highly difficult to gather the evidences regarding the effects of different tax cuts on the saving rates, as most of the evidences do not indicate the proper response of savings to the increased after-tax return on asset. Marriage Penalties and Bonuses According to this particular concept, the married couple treated as the single tax unit under the federal individual taxation system violates the principle of the marriage neutrality. It is based on the evidence regarding the increased payment of income tax as a married couple than they would have paid as two unmarried singles. This particular scenario leads to the marriage tax penalty. On the similar manner, some other evidences suggest that other married couples pay less amount of income tax than they would have paid as two unmarried singles (Willis Boyd, 1992). This particular scenario on the other side leads to a marriage tax bonus incident. The overall scenario thus viewed as the violation of the principle related to the horizontal equality and due to that the individuals with the equal income should need to have the similar tax burdens. Considering the in-depth research, the factor known as the earned income tax credit (EITC) is the most significant structural factor which has its major impact on the marriage neutrality of the income tax. Also, the factor affects the marriage tax rate schedules, deductions for higher-income individuals, and the phase-out of credits. However, considering the instance of the current tax system, the individual tax payers, heads of the household, and the married couples are part of the different taxation system as they are subjected to the different type of tax schedules (Smith, 1994). Apart from that, it can also be observed that the amount of EITC and the phase-out ranges have their basic variations based on the number of dependents claimed. Due to the involvement and implication of these variations the presence of marriage tax bonuses and marriage tax penalties can be observed critically. Conclusion Within the overall section of this paper, the basic analysis to the key taxation rules and policies are analysed along with their effects on the different individual taxpayers within the current taxation field. One most viable conclusion has been raised from the scenario that the overall taxation rules and legislations are decorated and modified for the purpose strengthening the economy and increasing the competitiveness of the community (Smith Harmelink, 2003). Here competitiveness can be defined in various ways, but regardless of those various definitions, the standard economic analysis report suggests that different measures taken to modify the taxation can do very little to enhance the factor. Therefore, the fact leads to the definition of different tax provision to be able to improve the country performance with the inclusion of an enhanced competitiveness. References Brownlee, W. (1996).Federal taxation in America. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press. Burman, L., Gale, W., Weiner, D. (1998).Six tax laws later. Washington, D.C.: Macroeconomic Analysis and Tax Analysis Divisions, Congressional Budget Office. Cummings, J. (2010).The Supreme Court's federal tax jurisprudence. Washington, DC: American Bar Association, Section on Taxation. Hudson, D., Lind, S. (1998).Federal income taxation. St. Paul, Minn: West Group. King, E. (1994).Transfer pricing and valuation in corporate taxation. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Markowitz, S., Grossman, M. (1998).The effects of alcohol regulation on physical child abuse. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Rose, M. (1983).Selected federal taxation statutes and regulations. St. Paul, Minn.: West Pub. Co. Smith, E. (1994).CCH federal taxation. Chicago, IL: CCH Inc. Smith, E. (2000).CCH federal taxation. Chicago: CCH Inc. Smith, E., Harmelink, P. (2002).CCH federal taxation. Chicago, IL: CCH. Smith, E., Harmelink, P. (2003).CCH federal taxation. Chicago, IL: CCH. Smith, E., Harmelink, P. (2005).CCH federal taxation. Chicago: CCH Inc. Smith, E., Harmelink, P., Hasselback, J. (2015).2016 CCH federal taxation. Chicago: Wolters Kluwer. Smith, E., Harmelink, P., Hasselback, J., Englebrecht, T. (2009).CCH federal taxation. Chicago, IL: CCH. Smith, E., Harmelink, P., Hasselback, J., Englebrecht, T. (2014).CCH federal taxation. Chicago, IL: Wolters Kluwer. Smith, E., Harmelink, P., Hasselback, J., Englebrecht, T. (2011).CCH federal taxation. Chicago, IL: CCH. Stein, M. (1994).The metamorphosis of a power base, sovereignty. Willis, E., Boyd, J. (1992).West's federal taxation. St. Paul: West Pub. Co.